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Rubber-Tip Pencil Co. v. Howard
''Rubber-Tip Pencil Co. v. Howard''〔(''Rubber-Tip Pencil Company v. Howard'' ), 87 U.S. 498 (1874).〕 is an 1874 decision of the United States Supreme Court concerning the patent eligibility of abstract ideas. As explained below in the ''Subsequent developments'' section, it is intermediate in the development of that aspect of patent law from ''Neilson v Harford'',〔151 Eng. Rep. 1266, 8 M. & W. 806, Web. Pat. Cases 295 (1841).〕 through ''O’Reilly v. Morse'',〔56 U.S. (15 How.) 62 (1853).〕 to ''Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.'',〔333 U.S. 127 (1948).〕 and then to ''Parker v. Flook'',〔437 U.S. 584 (1978).〕 ''Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Prometheus Labs., Inc.'',〔566 U.S. __, 132 S. Ct. 1289 (2012).〕 and ''Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank Int'l''.〔573 U.S. __, 134 S. Ct. 2347 (2014).〕
The ''Rubber-Tip Pencil'' case has frequently been cited in the subsequent Supreme Court decisions concerning the patent eligibility of computer-related claimed inventions, such as ''Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank'',〔134 S. Ct. 2347, 2355 (2014) ("an idea of itself is not patentable").〕 ''Diamond v. Diehr'',〔450 U.S. 175, 185 (1981) (same).〕 ''Parker v. Flook'',〔437 U.S. 584 598 (1978) (dissenting opinion) ("laws of nature, physical phenomena, and abstract ideas are not patentable subject matter").〕 and ''Gottschalk v. Benson'',〔409 U.S. 63, 67 (1972) (same). See also ''In re Comiskey'', 554 F.3d 967, 978 (Fed. Cir. 2009); ''In re Warmerdam'', 33 F.3d 1354, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 1994).〕
==Background==
Lead pencils and rubber erasers were known for a long time.〔The Greeks and Romans used a sharpened lump of lead or a lead stylus to make gray marks on papyrus, about 200 years ago. Karl S. Kruszelnicki, (''Lead in your pencil'' ), ABC (Sept. 9, 2004). In the mid-1500s a deposit of high-grade graphite was discovered, was mistakenly thought to be black lead, and was utilized for writing on paper. Daven Hiskey, , 20 Fed. Cas. 1298, Case No. 12,102, 1872 U.S. App. LEXIS 1450 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1872).〕
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